Fig. 4. Observed and expected number of occurrences of wood-living beetle species preferring matrix areas (managed coniferous forest and clearcuts) in small and large areas of deciduous forest. The number of occurrences is calculated as the number of trees in which a species was found, summed over all species preferring matrix habitats in large areas or small patches, respectively. The expected number of occurrences is calculated as the total number of occurrences of matrix-preferring species times the proportion of the total number of occurrences (summed over all species) found in the respective size group. There are significantly more occurrences of matrix specialists than expected in the small patches compared to larger areas (chi-square = 12.94, P  = 0.001).