Appendix 1. Total water vapor flows from croplands, with data and references for calculation and classification of subgroups.

Subgroup	Climatic zone	Crop	Yielda (103Mg/yr)	n	WUE (m3/Mg)			Water vapor flow (km3/yr)			References
					Mean	Low	High	Mean	Low	High
Cereals grain	temperate			15	1309	539	2643
		barley	159,021	6	1070	539	1575	170, 7	85, 71	250, 39	1, 16, 29, 30, 23, 35
		oats	32,710	1	1368			44, 75	17, 63	86, 45	35
		wheat	557,420	8	1482	787	2643	826, 19	438, 70	1473, 14	6, 13, 14, 16, 23, 35, 44
		rye	25,054					32, 81	13, 50	66, 21
		buckwheat	2892					3, 79	1, 56	7, 64
		triticale	6341					8, 30	3, 42	16, 76
		cereals nes*	2098					2, 75	1, 13	5, 54
		mixed grain	4940					6, 47	2, 66	13, 6
Cereals grain	tropical			10	1438	591	4369
		maize	533,732	4	1151	938	1456	614, 56	500, 37	777, 7	13, 22, 34, 41
		millet/sorghum	91,188	6	1629	591	4369	148, 56	53, 85	398, 39	13, 16, 34, 41, 44
		quinoa	33					0, 5	0, 2	0, 14
		fonio	203					0, 29	0, 12	0, 89
		canary seed	253					0, 36	0, 15	1, 11
Cereals, total DMb	temperate			19	438	240	646				1, 2, 6, 12, 14, 20, 23, 26, 29, 30, 45
		rye grass for forage	4011					1, 76	0, 96	2, 59
		straw husks	124,221					54, 44	29, 85	80, 20
Cereals, total DMb	tropical			3	331	271	372
		maize for forage	470,124	2	361	349	372	169, 48	164, 7	174, 89	12, 45
		sorghum for forage	50,545	1	271			13, 70	13, 70	18, 80	45
		green corn (maize)	7270					2, 40	1, 97	2, 70
		forage products nes	136,465					49, 20	36, 98	50, 77
Nutsc				1	415	200	1080
		karite nuts (sheanuts)	620					0, 26	0, 12	0, 67
		brazil nuts	57					0, 0	0, 0	0, 0
		kolanuts	303					0, 26	0, 12	0, 67
		cashew nuts	670					0, 2	0, 1	0, 6
		chestnuts	497					0, 13	0, 6	0, 33
		tung nuts	631					0, 28	0, 13	0, 72
		almonds	1212					0, 21	0, 10	0, 54
		walnuts	1002					0, 26	0, 13	0, 68
		pistachios	386	1	415	200	1080	0, 16	0, 8	0, 42	25
		hazelnuts (filberts)	629					0, 42	0, 20	1, 8
		areca nuts (betel)	487					0, 16	0, 8	0, 42
		nuts nes	434					0, 26	0, 13	0, 68
Pulses dry seed	temperate			3	3355	1731	5833
		beans, dry	17,142	2	2116	1731	2500	36, 27	29, 68	42, 85	5, 13
		broad beans, dry	3227					10, 83	5, 59	18, 82
		peas, dry	12,960	1	5833			75, 60	22, 44	75, 60	13
		lentils	2773					9, 30	4, 80	16, 18
		vetches	1010					3, 39	1, 75	5, 89
		lupines	1407					4, 72	2, 44	8, 20
		string beans	1352					4, 54	2, 34	7, 89
		pulses, nes	3623					12, 15	6, 27	21, 13
Pulses dry seed	tropical			5	1866	1250	3003
		soybeans	124,318	2	1607	1250	1964	199, 80	155, 40	244, 20	3, 13
		pigeon peas	3192					5, 96	3, 99	9, 59
		bambara beans	54					0, 10	0, 7	0, 16
		chickpeas	7673					14, 32	9, 59	23, 04
		cow peas, dry	2331					4,35	2,91	7, 0
		groundnuts in shell	27,514	3	2039	1458	3003	56, 9	40, 13	82, 63	9, 13, 34
		castor beans	1257					2, 35	1, 57	3, 77
Pulses green seed	temperate			2	1149	583	1714
		beans, green	3470	1	583			2, 2	2, 2	5, 95	13
		peas, green	4901	1	1714			8, 40	2, 86	8, 40	13
		broad beans, green	955					1, 10	0, 56	1, 64
Roots and tubers	temperate			7	286	139	402
		potatoes	285,968	4	246	196	402	70, 41	56, 17	114, 96	13, 42
		roots and tubers nes	4166					1, 19	0, 58	1, 67
		sugar beets	267,498	3	268	139	373	71, 77	37, 15	99, 78	10, 13
		sugar crops nes	504					0, 14	0, 7	0, 20
Roots and tubersc	tropical			1	616	369	1299
		sweet potatoes	130,426					80, 32	48, 13	169, 38
		cassava	163,097	1	616	369	1299	100, 44	60, 18	211, 81	48
		yautia (cocoyam)	185					0, 11	0, 7	0, 24
		taro (coco yam)	5520					3, 40	2, 4	7, 17
		yams	31,557					19, 43	11, 64	40, 98
Roots and tubers for fodderb	temperate			8	326	157	616				10, 12, 42, 46, 48
		beets for fodder	10,991					3, 58	1, 73	6, 77
		swedes for fodder	114					0, 4	0, 2	0, 7
Fruit	temperate			2	269	163	375
		apples	49,422					13, 28	8, 3	18, 53
		pears	11,737					3, 15	1, 91	4, 40
		sour cherries	1348					0, 36	0, 22	0, 51
		cherries	1751					0, 47	0, 28	0, 66
		watermelons	38,820	1	163			6, 31	6, 31	14, 56	13
		peaches and nectarines	10,531					2, 83	1, 71	3, 95
		plums	6684					1, 80	1, 9	2, 51
		stonefruit nes fresh	330					0, 9	0, 5	0, 12
		strawberries	2539					0, 68	0, 41	0, 95
		raspberries	319					0, 9	0, 5	0, 12
		gooseberries	192					0, 5	0, 3	0, 7
		currants	691					0, 19	0, 11	0, 26
		blueberries	152					0, 4	0, 2	0, 6
		cranberries	228					0, 6	0, 4	0, 9
		berries nes	297					0, 8	0, 5	0, 11
		grapes	56,737	1	375			21, 28	9, 22	21, 28	13
		figs	1101					0, 30	0, 18	0, 41
		fruit fresh nes	25,468					6, 84	4, 14	9, 55
Fruit	tropical			3	259	150	350
		persimmons	1373					0, 35	0, 21	0, 48
		cashew apple	1306					0, 34	0, 20	0, 46
		bananas	53,734	1	276			14, 81	8, 6	18, 81	13
		plantains	28,145					7, 28	4, 22	9, 85
		oranges	56,021					14, 48	8, 40	19, 61
		mandarins, clementines, etc.	14,763					3, 82	2, 21	5, 17
		lemons and limes	8803					2, 28	1, 32	3, 8
		grapefruit and pomelo	4781					1, 24	0, 72	1, 67
		citrus fruit nes	3995	1	350			1, 40	0, 60	1, 40	13
		quinces	323					0, 8	0, 5	0, 11
		apricots	2360					0, 61	0, 35	0, 83
		mangos	18,408					4, 76	2, 76	6, 44
		avocados	208					0, 5	0, 3	0, 7
		pineapples	11,441	1	150			1, 72	1, 72	4, 0	13
		dates	4278					1, 11	0, 64	1, 50
		kiwi fruit	917					0, 24	0, 14	0, 32
		papaya	5612					1, 45	0, 84	1, 96
		kapok fruit	437					0, 11	0, 7	0, 15
		fruit, tropical nes	7417					1, 92	1, 11	2, 60
		coffee, green	5770					1, 49	0, 87	2, 2
		cocoa beans	2655					0, 69	0, 40	0, 93
Oil-bearing crops	temperate			3	1892	1530	2117
non-wooded		rapeseed	29,595	2	1780	1530	2029	52, 67	45, 28	60, 5	7, 35
		mustard seed	469	1	2117			0, 99	0, 72	0,99	47
		hempeed	36					0, 7	0, 5	0, 8
		linseed	2351					4, 45	3, 60	4, 98
		poppy seed	41					0, 8	0, 6	0, 9
		oilseeds nes	1458					2, 76	2, 23	3, 9
		vegetable tallow	117					0, 22	0, 18	0, 25
		tallowtree seeds	781					1, 48	1, 19	1, 65
		melon seed	607					1, 15	0, 93	1, 28
Oil-bearing crops	tropical			2	3083	2667	3500
non-wooded		safflower seed	753	1	2667			2, 1	2, 1	2, 63	13
		sunflower	23,004	1	2667			61, 34	61, 34	80, 51	13
		sesame seed	2432					7, 50	6, 49	8, 51
		stillinga oil	117					0, 36	0, 31	0, 41
woody	tropical
		coconuts d	10.3 x106 km2		1320 mm	1200 mm	1500 mm	136, 17	123, 79	154, 74
		palm oil, palm kernels, oil palm fruit d	6.6 x106 km2		1500 mm	1250 mm	1750 mm	99, 6	82, 55	115, 57
		olives	11,100	1	583	500	667	6, 47	5, 55	7, 40	13
Fibers				4	574	278	870				2, 6, 12
		flax fiber and tow	571					0, 33	0, 16	0, 50
		kapokseed in shell	328					0, 19	0, 9	0, 29
		hemp fiber and tow	102					0, 6	0, 3	0, 9
		jute	2619					1, 50	0, 73	2, 28
		jute-like fibers	618					0, 35	0, 17	0, 54
		ramie	106					0, 6	0, 3	0, 9
		sisal	333					0, 19	0, 9	0, 29
		agave fibers nes	55					0, 3	0, 2	0, 5
		coir	172					0, 10	0, 5	0, 15
		abaca (manila hemp)	106					0, 6	0, 3	0, 9
		fiber crops nes	423					0, 24	0, 12	0, 37
		kapok fiber	107					0, 6	0, 3	0, 9
Vegetablese				6	147	35	500
		onions + shallots, green	3287	1	113			0, 37	0, 12	1, 64	13
		onions, dry	33765					4, 95	1, 19	16, 88
		leeks + other alliac.veg.	1493					0, 22	0, 5	0, 75
		garlic	9211					1, 35	0, 32	4, 61
		carrots	15,226					2, 23	0, 54	7, 61
		chicory roots	399					0, 6	0, 1	0, 20
		tomatoes	80,192	2	83	74	92	6, 63	5, 90	7, 35	13, 33
		pumpkins squash gourds	9060					1, 33	0, 32	4, 53
		cucumbers and gherkins	21,192					3, 11	0, 75	10, 60
		eggplants	10,591					1, 55	0, 37	5, 30
		chillies + peppers, green	12,955	1	500			6, 48	0, 46	6, 48	13
		okra	1274					0, 19	0, 4	0, 64
		cantaloupes + melons	15,216					2, 23	0, 53	7, 61
		cabbages	44,618	1	67			2, 97	1, 57	22, 31	13
		artichokes	1163					0, 17	0, 4	0, 58
		asparagus	2763					0, 41	0, 10	1, 38
		lettuce	12,722	1	35			0, 45	0, 45	6, 36	36
		spinach	5648					0, 83	0, 20	2, 82
		cauliflower	11812					1, 73	0, 42	5, 91
		vegetables, fresh nes	186,836					27, 39	6, 57	93, 42
		cabbage for fodder	2184					0, 32	0, 8	1, 9
		pumpkins for fodder	743					0, 11	0, 3	0, 37
		turnips for fodder	2336					0, 34	0, 8	1, 17
		leaves and tops vines	19461					2, 85	0, 68	9, 73
		vegetables, canned nes	807					0, 12	0, 3	0, 40
		carobs	249					0, 4	0, 1	0, 12
		carrots for fodder	90					0, 1	0, 0	0, 4
		vegetables + roots for fodder	44,393					6, 51	1, 56	22, 20
Spicesf			0	0	1000	800	1500
		peppermint	55					0, 5	0, 4	0, 8
		pyrethrum, dried	18					0, 2	0, 1	0, 3
		pepper	229					0, 23	0, 18	0, 34
		pimento allspice	1896					1, 90	1, 52	2, 84
		vanilla	5					0, 0	0, 0	0, 1
		cinnamon (canela)	66					0, 7	0, 5	0, 10
		cloves, whole + stems	133					0, 13	0, 11	0, 20
		nutmeg, mace, cardamom	59					0, 6	0, 5	0, 9
		anise, badian, fennel	182					0, 18	0, 15	0, 27
		ginger	591					0, 59	0, 47	0, 89
		spices nes	856					0, 86	0, 68	1, 28
Forage				19	934	172	2810
		hay, non-leguminous	87,514					81, 72	15, 1	245, 89
		hay (unspecified)	59,689					55, 74	10, 24	167, 71
		grasses nes for forage	23,2015	6	758	429	1031	175, 95	99, 58	239, 26	24, 37, 43
		clover for forage	64,155	8	1117	172	2810	71, 67	11, 0	180, 26	2, 24, 31, 32
		alfalfa for forage	160,767	5	890	573	1432	143, 1	92, 12	230, 17	8, 13, 20, 32, 45,
		leguminous f. forage	49,601					46, 32	8, 51	139, 37
		hay (clover lucerne)	4991					4, 66	0, 86	14, 2
		range pasture	59,800					55, 84	10, 26	168, 2
		improved pasture	6500					6, 7	1, 11	18, 26
Stimulant				3	4515	2083	6983
		tea	2587	2	5730	4478	6983	14, 83	11, 58	18, 7	40, 28
		tobacco leaves	7217	1	2083			15, 3	15, 3	50, 40	13
		mate	668					3, 2	1, 39	4, 67
		hops	122					0, 55	0, 25	0, 85
Natural rubber/gum				2	30,137	29,167	31,108
		natural rubber	6065	2	30,137	29,167	31,108	182, 80	176, 91	188, 68	11, 50
		natural gums	22					0, 68	0, 66	0, 70
Sugar cane		sugar cane	1,120,898	3	123	100	163	137, 84	111, 53	182, 15	13, 15, 49
Rice		rice paddy	540,838	4	1099	839	1404	594, 34	453, 65	759, 36	13, 34, 38, 44
Cotton seed		cotton seed	86,925	1	2083	1667	2500	181, 9	144, 88	217, 31	13
Cotton lint		cotton lint	18,509	3	5454	4227	6313	100, 96	78, 24	116, 84	17, 19, 27
Subtotal:								5410	3591	8442

Reference numbers: (1) Andersen et al. 1992; (2) Armstrong et al. 1994; (3) Ashley 1983; (4) Barker et al. 1989; (5) Barros and Hanks 1993; (6) Beech and Leach 1989; (7) Bhan et al. 1980; (8) Bolger and Matches 1990; (9) Boote 1983; (10) Brown et al. 1987; (11) Bucks et al. 1985; (12) Black 1971; (13) Doorenbos and Kassam 1979; (14) Entz and Fowler 1991; (15) Gascho and Shih 1983; (16) Gregory 1988; (17) Grimes et al. 1969; (18) Hattendorf et al. 1988; (19) Hearn 1980; (20) Heichel 1983; (21) Heitholt 1989; (22) Hillel and Guron 1973; (23) Imtiyaz et al. 1982; (24) Johnsson 1994; (25) Kanber et al. 1993; (26) Kirkham and Kanemasu 1983; (27) Lascano et al. 1994; (28) Laylock 1964; (29) Lopez-Castaneda and Richards 1994; (30) Mahalakshmi et al. 1994; (31) Oliva et al. 1994; (32) Power 1991; (33) Pruitt et al. 1984; (34) Rockström 1992; (35) Scott and Sudmeyer 1993; (36) Shih and Rahi 1984; (37) Shih and Snyder 1985; (38) Shih et al. 1983; (39) Shih 1988; (40) Stephens and Carr 1991; (41) Stewart et al. 1975; (42) Tanner 1981; (43) Thomas 1984; (44) Turner and McCauley 1983; (45) Waldren 1983; (46) Winter 1988; (47) Yadav et al. 1994; (48) Yao and Goué 1992; (49) Yates and Taylor 1986; (50) Bucks et al. 1984. For full citations, see Appendix 4.

Footnotes:
^a Yield data for individual crops were collected from Faostat (1997)
b The WUE was calculated based on the total dry matter yield.
c The mean WUE comes from only one article why the low and high values are the variations within that article.
d The total water vapor flow from oil palm and coconuts was calculated as
total water vapor flow (km3/ yr)= area harvested (km²) x ET (m) from palm stands
The ET from palm stands is 1500 mm and for coconut it is 1320 (Jackson 1989). The low/high was assumed to be 1250 mm and 1750 mm (oil palm) and 1200 and 1500 mm (coconuts). The area of coconut production was collected from Faostat. For oil palms, the area harvested (the same area is also harvested for oil kernels and fruit) was calculated by
area harvested (ha/yr) = oil produced (Mg/yr)/production of oil (Mg/ha)
Palm oil production (6603778 Mg) was collected from Faostat. The production was assumed to be 1.75 Mg/ha (Mémento de l´Agronome 1984).
e For vegetables that were produced as feed, the WUE was calculated based on the “grain“ yield of that specific crop or subgroup, not the total biomass.
f Spices is a small group with roughly 0.045% of the total global area harvested each year (Faostat 1997). Within this subgroup there is a large variation in species composition as well as in parts of plant used for production measurement. The WUE was therefore based on a qualified assumption of 1000 m3/Mg. The low was assumed to 800 m3/Mg and the high to 1200 m3/Mg. This is higher than the 500 m3/Mg that Postel et al. (1996) used as an average global WUE value. Because spices are often just a small part of a plant, the WUE will be higher.
^* nes = not elsewhere specified or included (abbreviation from FAO Stat. 1997.)