Table 2. Bottom-up estimate of global water vapor flows from the continents.

Water vapor source Our estimates (km3/yr) Earlier estimates (km3/yr) References
Major terrestrial biomes        
Croplands   6800 2285 - 5500 Postel et al. (1996), Shiklomanov (1996), Postel (1998)
Temperate and tropical grasslands   15,100 5800 Postel et al. (1996)
Temperate and tropical forests, woodlands, and taiga   40,000 6800 Postel et al. (1996)
Bogs, fens, swamps, and marshes   1400    
  Subtotal 63,200 14,885 - 18,100  
Other systems        
Green areas in urban settlements   100 100 Postel et al. (1996)
Upstream rural water use   210    
Lake evaporation   600 600 L´vovich (1979)
Evaporation from large reservoirs (>100 x 106 m3)   130 130 L´vovich and White (1990)
Evaporation from small reservoirs (<100 x 106 m3)   30    
Tundra and deserts   5700    
  Subtotal 6800 830  
  Total 70,000 15,715 - 18,930