Fig. 2. Technical innovations developed and tested based on farmers’ and researchers’ ideas
(Hagmann et al. 1997).

Soil and water conservation techniques:
  • tied ridges/furrows
  • basin tillage (widely spaced ridges/semi-circular bunds)
  • creative vetiver applications
  • methods for rill reclamation
  • the modified “ fanja-juu
  • infiltration pits
  • stone bunds
  • subsurface irrigation for gardens
  • inverted bottles for irrigation in gardens
  • plastic sheet to prevent rapid drainage (gardens)
  • mulching in gardens
  • mulching in fields
Other agronomic and biological soil management methods
  • innovative planting techniques
  • various planting dates (various crops)
  • various methods of making compost
  • spreading of termitaria as fertilizer
  • various manure and fertilizer applications
  • green manure with crotalaria species
  • planting and use of hedgerows
  • a relay cropping system
  • various intercropping combinations
  • natural pesticides
  • raising of indigenous trees
  • chicken manure as topdressing
Implements:
  • animal-drawn disc ridger
  • donkey-drawn toolbar (multiple purpose)
  • a knife-ripper tine mounted on the plough beam
  • a planting device mounted on the plough beam
  • animal drawn weed roller