Fig. 1. Two views of the Bow Valley of Banff National Park, Canada, and its barriers. Panel A (photo by C. C. St. Clair) depicts the parallel vs. perpendicular treatments to which translocated birds were exposed in a west-facing photo taken just west of the study site. Panel B (photo by M. Hebblewhite) shows a portion of the study area in winter when the contrast between forested and nonforested habitat is more apparent. This east-facing photo was taken about 3 km east of the western limit of the study area and shows the locations of the five barriers. Only the cleared slopes of its verges are visible for the highway.