Table 3. Literature examples for assessing predictions concerning habitat shifts. Predictions (in shortened form; see text for more detail) were (A) long-term, intense disturbance stimuli will cause habitat shifts at the cost of reduced access to resources, but (B) habitat shifts will not occur if alternative habitats are unavailable or unsuitable. Unless both treatments are addressed, support for Prediction A makes Prediction B inapplicable. (See Habitat selection.)

Study	Species	Stimuli	Predictions
			Supported	Rejected	Not tested or controls lacking
Allen and Read (2000)	bottlenose dolphin	motorboats	A
Buckingham et al. (1999)	Florida manatee	motor and paddle boats	A, B
de la Torre et al. (2000)	pygmy marmoset	people on foot and boats	A
Duchesne et al. (2000)	woodland caribou	people on skis or snow-shoes		A	B
Dyer et al. (2001)	woodland caribou	roads, other linear developments	A
Gill et al. (1996)	Pink-footed Geese	roads, vehicular traffic, related activities	A
Knapton et al. (2000)	diving ducks	motorboats	A, B
Lafferty (2001)	Snowy Plover	people on foot	A
Lord et al. (1997)	New Zealand Dotterela	people on foot	A
Mace et al. (1996)	grizzly bear	roads, vehicular traffic, related activities	A
Madsen (1998)	waterfowl (quarry and non-quarry species)	hunting activities	A
Nellemann and Cameron (1998)	barren-ground caribou	road density and associated activities	A
Nellemann et al. (2000, 2001), Vistness and Nellemann (2001)	reindeerb	road traffic; centers of human activity	A
Papouchis et al. (2001)	bighorn sheep	road traffic	A

^a Charadrius obscurus aquilonius.

^b Rangifer t. tarandus.