Appendix 1

Appendix 1. Average cover trend differences prior to and following treatment for vascular plant species by restoration study site and by treatment, including control (C), process-only (P-O), and structural manipulation (SML). Taxonomy follows Gleason and Cronquist (1991), with all geographic species distributions verified by Wetter et al. (2001). Life form and modal community groups used in analyses are listed. Modal community follows Curtis (1959): alder thicket (AT); boreal forest (BF); bracken grassland (BG); cedar glade (CG); cliff, exposed (CLE); northern dry forest (ND); northern dry-mesic forest (NDM); northern wet-mesic forest (NWM); oak barren (OB); oak opening (OO); pine barren (PB); prairie, dry (PD); prairie, dry-mesic (PDM); prairie, mesic (PM); prairie, wet (PW); prairie, wet-mesic (PWM); sand barrens (SB); shrub carr (SC); southern dry forest (SD); southern dry-mesic forest (SDM); sourthern mesic (SM); southern wet forest (SW); and southern wet-mesic forest (SWM). Exotics are indicated within the model community type as a superscripted star (*), with two unknown model groups identified by a question mark (?).


Species	Life form	Modal	Change in cover (%)
		community
			Quincy			Necedah

			C	P-O	SML	C	SML

Acalypha rhomboidea	Forb	CLE	0	-0.02	0	0	0

Acer rubrum	Tree	NDM	0.28	-0.41	0	0.76	-0.06

Achillea millefolium	Forb	PM*	0.16	0	0	0	0

Allium tricoccum	Forb	SM	-0.48	0	0	0	0

Ambrosia psilostachya	Forb	SB	0	0	0	0	0

Amelanchier spp.	Shrub	...	-0.52	-0.18	0	-0.02	-0.06

Amorpha canescens	Legume	PD	-0.12	-0.05	-0.35	0	0

Amphicarpaea bracteata	Legume-vine	SDM	0	8.02	0	0	0

Andropogon gerardii	C₄ grass	PM	-1.08	0.24	1.71	0.89	0.16

Anemone cylindrica	Forb	CG	0	0.34	0	0	0

Anemone quinquefolia	Forb	NDM	0	0	0	-0.10	-0.16

Antennaria neglecta	Forb	OB	0	0.08	0	0.02	0

Antennaria plantaginifolia	Forb	SB	0	-0.10	0	-0.06	-0.22

Apios americana	Legume-Vine	SW	0	-2.34	0	0	0

Apocynum androsaemifolium	Forb	ND	0.60	-0.03	0	-0.02	0.12

Aquilegia canadensis	Forb	CG	0	0.04	0	0	0.02

Arabis lyrata	Forb	CG	0.04	0.01	0	0	0

Aralia nudicaulis	Forb	NDM	0	-0.48	0	0	0

Arenaria lateriflora	Forb	SWM	0	-0.04	0	0	0

Asclepias amplexicaulis	Forb	OB	0.20	0	0.04	0	0

Asclepias syriaca	Forb	PWM	0	0.95	0.83	0	0

Aster ericoides	Forb	PDM	0	-0.02	-0.04	-0.05	0

Aster lateriflorus	Forb	SW	0	0	0	-0.35	0

Aster macrophyllus	Forb	BF	0	0	0	0.06	-0.24

Aster oolentangiensis	Forb	PDM	0	-0.02	0	-0.02	0

Aster saggitafolius	Forb	SDM	0	0.01	0	0	0.02

Aster spp.	Forb	...	0	0	0.21	-0.22	0

Betula papyrifera	Tree	NDM	0	0	0	-0.11	0

Bromus spp.	C₃ Grass	...	-0.08	0	0	0	0

Calystaegia spithamaea	Forb	ND	0	0	0	-0.02	0

Carduus spp.	Forb	...*	0	0	0.21	0	0

Carex muhlenbergii	Sedge	SB	0	0	0	0	-0.06

Carex pensylvanica	Sedge	SDM	9.88	15.50	2.13	16.32	13.34

Carex spp.	Sedge	...	0	0.36	0	0	0.24

Ceanothus americanus	Shrub	PM	0.04	-0.01	0	0	0

Celastrus scandens	Forb	SDM	0	-0.16	-0.04	0	0

Chenopodium album	Forb	SWM	0	-0.02	0.01	0	0

Chimaphila umbellata	Shrub	ND	0	0	0	0.10	0

Circaea canadensis	Forb	SDM	-0.80	0	0	0	0

Cirsium spp.	Forb	...	0	0.07	0.04	0	0

Clintonia borealis	Forb	BF	0.08	0	0	0	0

Comandra umbellata	Forb	OB	0	0	0	-0.13	-0.06

Comptonia peregrina	Shrub	BG	-0.16	0	0	0.40	-0.02

Conyza canadensis	Forb	PD	0	0	0	0	0.08

Coreopsis palmata	Forb	PD	0	0	0	0.02	0.00

Cornus spp.	Shrub	...	0	0.12	0	0	-0.02

Corylus americana	Shrub	SD	0.92	-1.15	-0.84	0	0

Crepis spp.	Forb	...*	0	0.00	0	0	-0.08

Cyperus spp.	Sedge	...	0	0.00	0	0	0.38

Danthonia spicata	C₃ grass	SDM	0.20	0.00	0	0.30	0.58

Desmodium glutinosum	Legume	BG	0	0.66	0	0	0

Erigeron annuus	Forb	SB	0	0	0	0	0.44

Erigeron spp.	Forb	...	0	0	-0.08	0	0

Euphorbia corollata	Forb	OB	-0.20	0	0.21	0	0.04

Fragaria virginiana	Forb	ND	0.04	-0.01	0	-0.02	0

Gaultheria procumbens	Shrub	ND	-0.24	0	0	-1.24	0

Gaylussacia baccata	Shrub	PB	-1.12	-1.01	0	2.79	-0.96

Geranium bicknellii	Forb	BF	0	0	0	0	0.14

Geranium maculatum	Forb	SDM	-1.48	0	0	0	0

Geranium spp.	Forb	...	0	-0.30	0	0	0

Gnaphalium obtusifolium	Forb	SB	0	0	0.04	0.02	0

Hedyotis longifolia	Forb	SB	0	0	0	0	-0.04

Helianthemum canadense	Forb	OB	0	0	0.13	-0.13	0.50

Helianthus divaricatus	Forb	?	-0.12	-0.05	-0.08	-0.10	0

Hieracium aurantiacum	Forb	BG	0.16	0	0	0.59	0

Hieracium kalmii	Forb	BG	0	0	0	-0.02	0

Ilex verticillata	Shrub	NWM	0	-0.10	0	0.79	0

Koeleria pyramidata	C₃ grass	SB	-0.60	0.05	0.17	-0.35	0.52

Krigia biflora	Forb	PW	0	0	0.04	0	0.04

Lactuca spp.	Forb	...	0	0.07	1.00	0	0

Liatris aspera	Forb	PM	0	0	0	0.02	0

Linaria canadensis	Forb	SB	0	0	0.04	0	0

Lithospermum canadense	Forb	OB	0.16	0	0	0	0

Lupinus perennis	Legume	OB	0	-0.02	0	0.05	0

Lycopodium spp.	Fern	...	0	0	0	0.05	0

Lysimachia ciliata	Forb	SWM	-0.04	0	0	0.35	0

Lysimachia lanceolata	Forb	SC	0	0.03	0	0.02	-0.22

Lysimachia quadrifolia	Forb	PB	-0.04	2.99	0	-0.33	0.66

Maianthemum canadense	Forb	BF	0.20	0	0	-0.40	-0.94

Melampyrum lineare	Forb	ND	0	0	0	0.03	0.00

Oryzopsis pungens	C₃ grass	PB	0	0	0	0.37	0.88

Osmorhiza claytonii	Forb	SDM	-0.12	0	0	0	0

Osmunda cinnamomea	Fern	NWM	0.60	0	0	0	0

Panicum linearifolium	C₃ grass	PD	0	0.03	2.21	0.06	1.54

Panicum depauperatum	C₃ grass	PD	0	0	0	0	5.76

Panicum lanuginosum	C₃ grass	SB	0	0	0	0	3.52

Panicum spp.	C₃ grass	...	0.04	0	0	0.02	0

Panicum villosissimum	C₃ grass	OB	-0.08	0	0	0	0

Parthenocissus quinquefolia	Vine	SD	-0.48	0	0	0	0

Pedicularis canadensis	Forb	CG	0	0	0	0	0

Phlox glaberrima	Forb	OO	0	0	0	-0.03	0

Physalis virginiana	Forb	OB	0	0	0.08	0	0.02

Pinus banksiana	Tree	PB	0.20	0	-0.08	-0.19	-0.08

Pinus resinosa	Tree	ND	0	0	0	0.11	-0.08

Pinus strobus	Tree	NDM	0.48	-0.03	0	0.22	-0.06

Poa compressa	C₃ grass	BG*	-1.08	0	0	-0.03	-0.20

Poa pratensis	C₃ grass	OO*	0.44	0.02	7.09	0.52	0.70

Poa spp.	C₃ grass	...	0	-0.92	0	0	0

Polygala polygama	Forb	SB	0	0	0.21	0	0.24

Polygonatum biflorum	Forb	OB	-0.40	0.23	0	-0.13	0

Populus grandidentata	Tree	ND	0.24	-0.03	0	-1.03	0.74

Populus tremuloides	Tree	BF	0	0	0	-0.02	0.02

Potentilla simplex	Forb	SD	-0.08	0.04	0.08	-0.06	0.08

Prenanthes alba	Forb	SDM	0	0.05	0.00	0	0

Prunus serotina	Tree	SD	0.08	-1.08	-1.46	1.02	0.14

Prunus virginiana	Shrub	SD	1.48	-0.32	-0.58	-1.98	0.00

Pteridium aquilinum	Fern	BG	-6.20	-1.73	0	-1.16	2.68

Pyrola spp.	Forb	...	-0.04	-0.02	0	0	0

Quercus alba	Tree	SD	-0.92	-2.74	0	-0.02	0.44

Quercus macrocarpa	Tree	OO	0	0	0.45	0	0

Quercus rubra	Tree	SDM	0	-0.63	0	0	0

Quercus velutina	Tree	OB	1.00	-0.58	3.63	0.21	2.30

Ranunculus spp.	Forb	...	0	0.01	0	0	0

Rosa carolina	Shrub	PM	-0.64	-0.29	0.45	-0.11	0

Rubus allegheniensis	Shrub	SD	0.24	0	0	0	-0.10

Rubus flagellaris	Shrub	?	-5.16	0	0	0.03	-0.26

Rubus hispidus	Shrub	ND	-0.60	0	0	0.13	0.00

Rubus idaeus	Shrub	BF	0	0	0	0	-0.06

Rubus occidentalis	Shrub	SDM	0	-1.55	0	0	0

Rubus spp.	Shrub	...	-1.64	0.31	0.38	0	3.50

Rudbeckia hirta	Forb	PWM	-0.12	0	0	0	0

Rumex acetosella	Forb	BG*	0	0	1.87	0.46	1.10

Salix humilis	Shrub	PW	0	0	0	-0.32	0

Salix spp.	Shrub	...	0	0	0	0.14	0

Schizachyrium scoparium	C₄ grass	PD	-0.24	0	0	-0.65	0.36

Smilacina racemosa	Forb	SD	0	-0.09	0	-0.10	0

Smilacina stellata	Forb	SD	-0.32	-0.29	-0.08	0	-0.14

Solidago canadensis	Forb	AT	-0.16	0	0	0	0

Solidago nemoralis	Forb	PD	0	0	0	-0.14	-0.06

Solidago spp.	Forb	...	0	0	0	0.43	0.02

Sorgastrum nutans	C₄ grass	PDM	0	-0.03	0	0	0

Taraxacum officinale	Forb	*	0.20	0.04	0	0	0

Tephrosia virginiana	Legume	OB	0	0.25	0.96	0	0

Toxicodendron radicans	Vine	SW	-0.56	-0.01	0	0	0

Tradescantia ohiensis	Forb	CG	-0.08	-0.01	-0.23	0	0

Trientalis borealis	Forb	BF	-0.44	0.03	1.04	-0.05	0

Unknown grass	C₃ grass	...	-0.12	0	0	-0.14	-0.02

Unknown	...	...	0.08	0	0	-0.40	0.02

Vaccinium angustifolium	Shrub	ND	0.48	-0.37	0	-1.13	0.04

Vaccinium myrtilloides	Shrub	NW	0	0	0	-0.06	0

Viola pedata	Forb	CG	0	d	0	-0.08	0.04

Viola sagittata	Forb	OB	0	0	0	0	-0.04

Vitis spp.	Vine	...	0	0.03	0	0	0

Zanthoxylum americana	Shrub	SDM	0	0.00	1.08	0	0