Table 2

Table 2. Human ecosystems then and now

Anthropologists occupied with: New Directions:

1 Internal flows Producing system indices, emergent behavior from simple rules

2 Human-centered Multiple scales

3 Expected efficiency Systemic energy dissipation

4 Cultural functionalism Directionality is dissipation

5 Regulation (negative feedback) Self-organization (including evolution)

6 Homeostasis Pulsing, chaotic dynamics, adaptive cycle


	Anthropologists occupied with:	New Directions:

1	Internal flows	Producing system indices, emergent behavior from simple rules
2	Human-centered	Multiple scales
3	Expected efficiency	Systemic energy dissipation
4	Cultural functionalism	Directionality is dissipation
5	Regulation (negative feedback)	Self-organization (including evolution)
6	Homeostasis	Pulsing, chaotic dynamics, adaptive cycle