Table 2. Social-ecological processes and examples of strategies used for building resilience after the inception of the EKV. These adaptive processes increase the capacity for dealing with uncertainty and change.


Social-ecological processes and strategies that contribute to resilience

Developing motivation and values for ecosystem management
  • Envisioning the future together with actors
  • Developing, communicating and building support for the mission
  • Identifying and clarifying objectives
  • Developing personal ties
  • Establishing a close relationship and trust with key individuals
  • Fostering dialogue with actors
  • Providing arenas for trust building among actors
  • Building trust in times of stability to facilitate conflict resolution
  • Developing norms to avoid loss of trust among actors
  • Continuously communicating success and progress of projects
Directing the local context through adaptive co-management
  • Encouraging and supporting actors to perform monitoring, including inventories
  • Encouraging and supporting actors to manage ecosystem processes for biodiversity and ecosystem services
  • Initiating and sustaining social networks of key individuals
  • Mobilizing individuals of social networks in problem-driven projects
  • Making sense of and guiding the management process
  • Synthesizing and mobilizing knowledge for ecosystem management
  • Providing coordination of project and arenas for collaboration
  • Encouraging and inspiring actors to voluntary participation
  • Initiating projects and selecting problems that can be turned into possibilities
  • Creating public opinion and involving local media
Navigating the larger environment
  • Influencing decision makers at higher levels to maintain governance structures that allow for adaptive co-management of the area
  • Mobilizing new funding when needed
  • Mobilizing external knowledge when needed
  • Exchanging information and collaboration with local steward associations in Sweden and internationally
  • Collaborating with national and international scientists
  • Collaborating with national and international non-governmental organizations
  • Participating in international institutional frameworks
  • Supporting diffusion of the values of KV through social networks
  • Providing a buffer for external drivers
  • Communicating with national media